Table 1 Effect of immune cells on MPE in TIME of lung cancer
From: Immune modulation in malignant pleural effusion: from microenvironment to therapeutic implications
Cell type | Other cytokines involved in regulation of MPE | Related cytokines involved in regulation of MPE | Mechanism of effect | Promote( +)/inhibit(−) the formation of MPE | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Th cells | Th1 | IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF-β | IL-12 | Stimulate IFN-γ synthesis and polarize Th2 phenotype | – | [9] |
/ | IL-10 | Suppress Th1 differentiation, proliferation and Th1, Th17 recruitment. Enhance GPR55 mRNA and protein expression | + | |||
Th2 | IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 | CXCL10 | Th1 and Th17 low accumulation lead to CXCL10 reduce | + | [10] | |
Th17 | IL-17, IL-21, IL-23, IL-26 | IL-23 | Promote Th17 maturation | – | [15] | |
/ | IL-9 | Drive Th17 differentiation, activate Tregs, induce IL-17 release | + | [26] | ||
/ | IL-17 | Enhance angiogenesis and proliferation of tumor cells, increase permeability of the pleural microvessels | + | [20] | ||
/ | CCL20, CCL22 | Induce recruitment of Th17 in MPE | + | [19] | ||
/ | IL-26 | Promote proliferation and differentiation of Th22, upregulate IL-22 | – | [21] | ||
Th9 | IL-9 | IL-9 | Promote proliferation of tumor cells | + | [24] | |
/ | CCL20 | Induce recruitment of Th9 in MPE | + | [25] | ||
/ | IL-17 | Promote Th9 differentiation and activate the immune response | – | [18] | ||
Th22 | IL-22, IL-26 | IL-22 | Promote the recruitment of Th22 to pleural cavity | – | [30] | |
/ | IL-26 | Increase CD4+IL-22+T-cell subsets | – | [21] | ||
CTLs | CD3+CD8+T cell | IL-2, Perforin, Granzyme B | IL-2 | Decrease PD-1 expression and reverse CD8+T cells exhaustion | – | [40] |
/ | TIM-3 | Decrease IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-2 production | + | [44] | ||
/ | CTLA-4 | Reduce ICOS+Th1-like CD4+ T cells and CD8+T cells | – | [49] | ||
/ | Caspase-8/9 Inhibitor | Rescue CD8+T cells and block Fas/FasL signaling pathway | – | [51] | ||
/ | IL-26 | Gzm B and killing capacity of impair CD8+T cell was decreased | + | [21 | ||
CD3+CD4+T cell | IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2 | APCs | Specific CD4+T cell subsets generate autologous tumor-specific immune responses | – | [56] | |
Tregs | IL-4, IL-10, TGF-β | miR-141 | Increase the genetation of CXCL1 and recruit Tregs into MPE | + | [60] | |
/ | CCL22 | Exert inhibitory function | + | |||
/ | Latency‐associated Peptide(LAP) | CD39+Tregs inhibit Th17 proliferation and differentiation | + | [65] | ||
/ | IRF4 | Promote the conversion of Tregs to Th17-like T cells | – | [67] | ||
/ | IL-8 | Increase MMP-2/9 activity and tumor metastatic activity | + | |||
B cells | IL-10, TGF-β | PD-1/PD-L1 | Activated naive B cells suppress the expansion of Th17 cells | + | [75] | |
TAMs | M1,M2 | IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α, IL-10, PGE2, TGF-β, MMPs, VEGF | IL-8 | Up-regulate TGF-β and increase CCL22 | + | [68] |
TGF-β | Reverse impaired cytotoxic effects of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells | – | [47] | |||
IL-10, M-CSF, TGF-β | Induce TAMs toward M2 type polarization | + | [80] | |||
TNF-α and IL-10 | Induce PD-L1 expression, lead to T cells dysfunction | + | [81] | |||
DCs | MHC-II | IL-10 and VEGF | Inhibit the antigen-presenting function of DCs | + | [89] | |
/ | TLR4/7/8 Agonist | InfDCs induce differentiation of CD4+ memory T cells into Th1 | – | [90] | ||
MDSCs | VEGF, bFGF, MMPs | VEGF | Increase vascular permeability and promote angiogenesis | + | ||
IL-12, IL-10 | Downregulate IL-12 expression and upregulate IL-10, suppress NKs killing activity and DCs maturation | + | ||||
NKs | Perforin, Granzyme | TGF-β, IL-10, PGE2 | Inhibit NKs activity | + | [103] | |
/ | IL-2 | PE-NK cells have high killing activity, are not inhibited in TME | – | [106] | ||
/ | IL-15 | PE-NK cells control tumor growth in vivo | – | [107] | ||
Asbestos-related macrophages | / | ROS | Generate ROS and induce apoptosis in pleural mesothelial cells | + | ||
TNF-α, IL-1β, IFN-γ | iNOS | Activate iNOS and be link to the fibroproliferative and neoplastic effects of asbestos | + | [115] | ||
/ | HMGB1 | Release of TNF-a and enhance the activity of NF-κB | + | |||