Fig. 3

Proposed model for the IR signal diversification and partitioning in cancers. Activation of IR isoforms leads to the activation of specific signaling pathways, such as the PI3K-Akt pathway and the MAPK pathway, which regulate various cellular processes.In cells where IR-A is primarily expressed and IGF-2 is produced, such as fetal or cancer cells, activation of IR-A by IGF-2 promotes non-metabolic responses, including cell proliferation and movement. On the other hand, in cells and tissues with a higher expression of IR-B, insulin activation of IR-B supports metabolic and physiological functions through downstream signaling